TY - JOUR
T1 - Xanthine Oxidase-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Respiratory Epithelial Cells
T2 - A Review in Immunopathology of COVID-19
AU - Pratomo, Irandi Putra
AU - Noor, Dimas R.
AU - Kusmardi, Kusmardi
AU - Rukmana, Andriansjah
AU - Paramita, Rafika I.
AU - Erlina, Linda
AU - Fadilah, Fadilah
AU - Gayatri, Anggi
AU - Fitriani, Magna
AU - Purnomo, Tommy T.H.
AU - Ariane, Anna
AU - Heryanto, Rudi
AU - Tedjo, Aryo
N1 - Funding Information:
This review was supported by Publikasi Terindeks Internasional (PUTI) Penugasan (Covid-19) Universitas Indonesia 2020 (Grant ID: NKB-2615/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2020).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Irandi Putra Pratomo et al.
PY - 2021
Y1 - 2021
N2 - Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of uric acid and superoxide radicals from purine bases: hypoxanthine and xanthine and is also expressed in respiratory epithelial cells. Uric acid, which is also considered a danger associated molecule pattern (DAMP), could trigger a series of inflammatory responses by activating the inflammasome complex path and NF-B within the endothelial cells and by inducing proinflammatory cytokine release. Concurrently, XO also converts the superoxide radicals into hydroxyl radicals that further induce inflammatory responses. These conditions will ultimately sum up a hyperinflammation condition commonly dubbed as cytokine storm syndrome (CSS). The expression of proinflammatory cytokines and neutrophil chemokines may be reduced by XO inhibitor, as observed in human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV)-infected A549 cells. Our review emphasizes that XO may have an essential role as an anti-inflammation therapy for respiratory viral infection, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
AB - Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of uric acid and superoxide radicals from purine bases: hypoxanthine and xanthine and is also expressed in respiratory epithelial cells. Uric acid, which is also considered a danger associated molecule pattern (DAMP), could trigger a series of inflammatory responses by activating the inflammasome complex path and NF-B within the endothelial cells and by inducing proinflammatory cytokine release. Concurrently, XO also converts the superoxide radicals into hydroxyl radicals that further induce inflammatory responses. These conditions will ultimately sum up a hyperinflammation condition commonly dubbed as cytokine storm syndrome (CSS). The expression of proinflammatory cytokines and neutrophil chemokines may be reduced by XO inhibitor, as observed in human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV)-infected A549 cells. Our review emphasizes that XO may have an essential role as an anti-inflammation therapy for respiratory viral infection, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85113632856&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1155/2021/1653392
DO - 10.1155/2021/1653392
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85113632856
SN - 2090-8040
VL - 2021
JO - International Journal of Inflammation
JF - International Journal of Inflammation
M1 - 1653392
ER -
