@article{2a0f17b88f474472b6886d7d1665c4ae,
title = "Using ground penetrating radar, scanning electron microscopy and thermal infrared imagery to document near-surface hydrological changes in the old faithful Geyser area, Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A.",
abstract = "Ground penetrating radar (GPR), thermal infrared imagery (TIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) provide an understanding of shallow subsurface altered zones in the Old Faithful Geyser area. The GPR and TIR are temporal snapshots of the hydrothermal system; GPR reflections suggest extensive subsurface zones of hydrothermal alteration. SEM-XRD document changes in hydrologic conditions. SEM-XRD analyses of sinters demonstrate a multi-stage formation history, pH-temperature hydrodynamic changes, and dissolution by acidic steam condensate. TIR images show surface thermal trends that are consistent with mapped fractures and/or faults and with the GPR, SEM and XRD results.",
keywords = "Ground penetrating radar, Hydrothermal alteration, Old faithful geyser, Scanning electron microscopy, Shallow hydrology, Siliceous sinter, Thermal infrared imagery",
author = "Lynne, {Bridget Y.} and Henry Heasler and Cheryl Jaworowski and Duncan Foley and Smith, {Isaac J.} and Smith, {Gary J.} and Dyah Sahdarani",
note = "Funding Information: We would like to acknowledge the following funding sources: Expeditions Council of the National Geographic Society project EC0714-15, National Park Foundation Grant 9086, National Park Service Research Permit YELL-2014-SCI-5612, Rocky Mountain Cooperative Ecological Study Unit Agreements (RM-CESU J1580050583, J1580050608, and J1580090425) between Yellowstone National Park's Geology Program and Utah State University's Remote Sensing Services Laboratory. We would like to thank Pacific Lutheran University, Geothermal Scientific Investigations Ltd, and the Geothermal Institute at the University of Auckland for leverage in-kind. We would like to thank the following support personnel involved in making the acquisition of this data possible through a collaboration of resources and expertise: Dennis Lojko (Law Enforcement Ranger, Yellowstone National Park), Mary-Ellen Hackett (Law Enforcement Ranger, Yellowstone National Park), Michael Nichols (National Geographic Magazine) and Martin Gamache (National Geographic Magazine). We would also like to express our gratitude to the Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education who provided the research grant to conduct the X-Ray Diffraction analyses. We would like to thank the reviewers for their time and effort which improved the paper. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2017 Elsevier Ltd",
year = "2017",
month = jul,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1016/j.geothermics.2017.02.007",
language = "English",
volume = "68",
pages = "33--53",
journal = "Geothermics",
issn = "0375-6505",
publisher = "Elsevier Ltd",
}
