The retardation of polyacrylamide by ammonium chloride in high-salinity and high-temperature conditions: molecular analysis

Salinity effects on retardation efficiency of ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) on the polyacrylamide (PAM) that influences the gelation time of PAM-based polymer gel are an interesting phenomenon. This paper presents a concise investigation by quantifying molecular interaction of PAM with NH₄Cl in high-salinity and high-temperature conditions. This study quantified the ionic bonding of carboxylate group of PAM with ammonium ion of NH₄Cl using zeta-potential, hydrodynamic radius, and hydrolysis degree. Experimental results show that in the absence of NaCl and NH₄Cl, the overall magnitude absolute values of zeta-potential, hydrodynamic radius, and hydrolysis degree of PAM show a significant increase. The absolute value of zeta-potential reduces with the concentration of NH₄Cl as retarder. On the other hand, the hydrodynamic radius and hydrolysis degree tend to increase with the concentration of NH₄Cl, even in high salinity. The retardation process is also fairly affected by the exposure time of polymer to high temperature. These results give better understanding and provide additional knowledge as the conventional research did not fully reveal the efficiency of polymer gel with retarder that was prepared with high salinity for high-temperature application.