TY - JOUR
T1 - The potential for zoonotic malaria transmission in five areas of Indonesia inhabited by non-human primates
AU - Permana, Dendi Hadi
AU - Hasmiwati,
AU - Suryandari, Dwi Anita
AU - Rozi, Ismail Ekoprayitno
AU - Syahrani, Lepa
AU - Setiadi, Wuryantari
AU - Irawati, Nuzulia
AU - Rizaldi,
AU - Wangsamuda, Suradi
AU - Yusuf, Yenni
AU - Irdayanti,
AU - Aswad, Hijral
AU - Asih, Puji Budi Setia
AU - Syafruddin, Din
N1 - Funding Information:
We wish to thank Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat, the University of Hasanuddin, the University of Andalas, Direktorat Riset dan Pengembangan, the University of Indonesia, and the National Research and Innovation Agency Indonesia, for their continued support and encouragement. The authors are grateful to Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam (Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Indonesia) for their assistance in sample collection in the five study sites; Meyby Lempang Eka Putri for her assistance in sampling in Central Java; and Mahfur Zurahman and Kurnia Ilham for their assistance in sampling in Sumatra Barat. These activities comprised part of the doctoral program undertaken by DHP at the University of Indonesia.
Funding Information:
The NHP sample collection and several of the molecular assays were supported by funding from Riset Kolaborasi Indonesia 2022, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology, Republic of Indonesia. The collection of mosquito samples and their analysis were supported by the National Research and Innovation Agency Indonesia. The funders had no role in the design of the study or in the collection and interpretation of the data.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023, BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.
PY - 2023/12
Y1 - 2023/12
N2 - Background: Indonesia is home to many species of non-human primates (NHPs). Deforestation, which is still ongoing in Indonesia, has substantially reduced the habitat of NHPs in the republic. This has led to an intensification of interactions between NHPs and humans, which opens up the possibility of pathogen spillover. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of malarial parasite infections in NHPs in five provinces of Indonesia in 2022. Species of the genus Anopheles that can potentially transmit malarial pathogens to humans were also investigated. Methods: An epidemiological survey was conducted by capturing NHPs in traps installed in several localities in the five provinces, including in the surroundings of a wildlife sanctuary. Blood samples were drawn aseptically after the NHPs had been anesthetized; the animals were released after examination. Blood smears were prepared on glass slides, and dried blood spot tests on filter paper. Infections with Plasmodium spp. were determined morphologically from the blood smears, which were stained with Giemsa solution, and molecularly through polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing using rplU oligonucleotides. The NHPs were identified to species level by using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene and the internal transcribed spacer 2 gene as barcoding DNA markers. Mosquito surveillance included the collection of larvae from breeding sites and that of adults through the human landing catch (HLC) method together with light traps. Results: Analysis of the DNA extracted from the dried blood spot tests of the 110 captured NHPs revealed that 50% were positive for Plasmodium, namely Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium coatneyi, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium sp. Prevalence determined by microscopic examination of the blood smears was 42%. Species of the primate genus Macaca and family Hylobatidae were identified by molecular analysis. The most common mosquito breeding sites were ditches, puddles and natural ponds. Some of the Anopheles letifer captured through HLC carried sporozoites of malaria parasites that can cause the disease in primates. Conclusions: The prevalence of malaria in the NHPs was high. Anopheles letifer, a potential vector of zoonotic malaria, was identified following its collection in Central Kalimantan by the HLC method. In sum, the potential for the transmission of zoonotic malaria in several regions of Indonesia is immense. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
AB - Background: Indonesia is home to many species of non-human primates (NHPs). Deforestation, which is still ongoing in Indonesia, has substantially reduced the habitat of NHPs in the republic. This has led to an intensification of interactions between NHPs and humans, which opens up the possibility of pathogen spillover. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of malarial parasite infections in NHPs in five provinces of Indonesia in 2022. Species of the genus Anopheles that can potentially transmit malarial pathogens to humans were also investigated. Methods: An epidemiological survey was conducted by capturing NHPs in traps installed in several localities in the five provinces, including in the surroundings of a wildlife sanctuary. Blood samples were drawn aseptically after the NHPs had been anesthetized; the animals were released after examination. Blood smears were prepared on glass slides, and dried blood spot tests on filter paper. Infections with Plasmodium spp. were determined morphologically from the blood smears, which were stained with Giemsa solution, and molecularly through polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing using rplU oligonucleotides. The NHPs were identified to species level by using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene and the internal transcribed spacer 2 gene as barcoding DNA markers. Mosquito surveillance included the collection of larvae from breeding sites and that of adults through the human landing catch (HLC) method together with light traps. Results: Analysis of the DNA extracted from the dried blood spot tests of the 110 captured NHPs revealed that 50% were positive for Plasmodium, namely Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium coatneyi, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium sp. Prevalence determined by microscopic examination of the blood smears was 42%. Species of the primate genus Macaca and family Hylobatidae were identified by molecular analysis. The most common mosquito breeding sites were ditches, puddles and natural ponds. Some of the Anopheles letifer captured through HLC carried sporozoites of malaria parasites that can cause the disease in primates. Conclusions: The prevalence of malaria in the NHPs was high. Anopheles letifer, a potential vector of zoonotic malaria, was identified following its collection in Central Kalimantan by the HLC method. In sum, the potential for the transmission of zoonotic malaria in several regions of Indonesia is immense. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
KW - Anopheles
KW - Indonesia
KW - Infection
KW - Malaria vector
KW - Non-human primates
KW - Plasmodium species
KW - Zoonotic malaria
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85166785311&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1186/s13071-023-05880-4
DO - 10.1186/s13071-023-05880-4
M3 - Article
C2 - 37550692
AN - SCOPUS:85166785311
SN - 1756-3305
VL - 16
JO - Parasites and Vectors
JF - Parasites and Vectors
IS - 1
M1 - 267
ER -