TY - JOUR
T1 - The Impacts of Households on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Indonesia
AU - Hartono, Djoni
AU - Dachlan, Akbar Nikmatullah
AU - Hastuti, Sasmita Hastri
AU - Kartiasih, Fitri
AU - Saputri, Novani Karina
AU - Kurniawan, Robi
AU - Surahman, Usep
AU - Goembira, Fadjar
AU - Shirakawa, Hiroaki
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
PY - 2023/12
Y1 - 2023/12
N2 - This study aims to evaluate the direct and indirect contributions of household income and regional groups as well as their related sectors to CO2 emissions. The study utilized a semi-closed input‒output model (IOM) along with the hypothetical extraction method (HEM) that can estimate emissions from interdependency between household and production sectors. The results show: (1) The direct and indirect impacts on carbon emissions caused by the consumption of households in urban areas are 1.5 times higher than those in rural areas; (2) there is a positive correlation between household income and its contribution to emissions; (3) there is a notable contribution from high-income urban households to CO2 emissions, up to 1.4 times higher than the poorest household in urban areas and 0.6 times higher than the highest income in rural areas; and (3) the transportation and food sectors drive household-related CO2 emissions the most, while the education, culture, and recreation sectors contribute the least. Our findings indicated that to decrease household energy-related emissions, the government should improve the technology efficiency of transportation and communication as well as the food sectors. There is also a need to have different emission reduction policy designs between households based on their income level, particularly for increasing stringency of emission policies for high-income households.
AB - This study aims to evaluate the direct and indirect contributions of household income and regional groups as well as their related sectors to CO2 emissions. The study utilized a semi-closed input‒output model (IOM) along with the hypothetical extraction method (HEM) that can estimate emissions from interdependency between household and production sectors. The results show: (1) The direct and indirect impacts on carbon emissions caused by the consumption of households in urban areas are 1.5 times higher than those in rural areas; (2) there is a positive correlation between household income and its contribution to emissions; (3) there is a notable contribution from high-income urban households to CO2 emissions, up to 1.4 times higher than the poorest household in urban areas and 0.6 times higher than the highest income in rural areas; and (3) the transportation and food sectors drive household-related CO2 emissions the most, while the education, culture, and recreation sectors contribute the least. Our findings indicated that to decrease household energy-related emissions, the government should improve the technology efficiency of transportation and communication as well as the food sectors. There is also a need to have different emission reduction policy designs between households based on their income level, particularly for increasing stringency of emission policies for high-income households.
KW - Carbon linkage
KW - Household energy-related CO emission
KW - Hypothetical extraction method
KW - Semi-closed input-output model
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85171892411&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s40710-023-00666-3
DO - 10.1007/s40710-023-00666-3
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85171892411
SN - 2198-7491
VL - 10
JO - Environmental Processes
JF - Environmental Processes
IS - 4
M1 - 54
ER -