The Correlation Among Air Pollution Exposure to Incidence of Under-Five Pneumonia in Jakarta Province 2017-2019

Jakarta’s air pollution has increased every year. Moreover, it has contributed significantly to the incidence of under-five pneumonia. This cases among children in Jakarta in 2018 reached 42,305 with 95.53% case finding. This study analyzes the air pollution and the under-five pneumonia in Jakarta from 2017-2019. It’s designed using ecological analysis of time trends and association proximity analysis using Pearson (parametric) and Spearman (non-parametric) correlation tests. Pollutant Standard Index data is collected by calculating the monthly average, while pneumonia data is based on the monthly incidence of under-five pneumonia. We found that pneumonia in five cities is higher at the beginning (January-April) and lower in the middle to the end of the year (May-December). PM₁₀ was statistically significantly associated with pneumonia in all administrative cities (Central Jakarta P=.016; North Jakarta P=.025; West Jakarta P=.005; South Jakarta P=.000; East Jakarta P=.014). Besides, other air pollutant parameters that have an association with the incidence of pneumonia are CO in Central Jakarta (P=.022), O₃ in North Jakarta (P=.016), and South Jakarta (P=.001), and East Jakarta (P=.002). The three air pollutant parameters correlated with the incidence of pneumonia briefly are PM₁₀ (P=.000), CO (P=.005), and O₃ (P=.000). In conclusion, PM₁₀, CO, and NO₂ have been linked to under-five pneumonia in Jakarta. Exposure to air pollution with the incidence of under-five pneumonia occurs due to low immunity. These findings support the rationale that further limiting PM₁₀, CO, and O₃ concentrations in Jakarta may be an effective strategy to reduce the incidence of under-five pneumonia.