Socio-ecological forest landscape of Peleng Island, Central Sulawesi

Socio-ecological landscape is formed by human activities in the physical environment shows customary, familial, collectivity and capital structure for sustainability. There are 3 types of socio-ecological landscape based on altitude: local wisdom-based agricultural landscapes at altitude 0-100 MASL, traditional ecological knowledge-based agroforestry landscapes at altitude 101-600 MASL, and customary law-based forest landscapes at altitude 601-1000 MASL. This study documents sacred places protected by indigenous community, customary law relevancies, and the perception of forest tenure. Quantitative and qualitative methods result encroachment often found in agroforestry landscapes (altitudes of 100-600 MASL) where forest garden road wage mobilization from settlement to forest area and there is a dominance of private-owned garden within state forest areas.