TY - JOUR
T1 - Review paper
T2 - MDMA and the brain: A short review on the role of neurotransmitters in neurotoxicity
AU - Mustafa, Nor Suliana
AU - Abu Bakar, Nor Hidayah
AU - Mohamad, Nasir
AU - Mohd Adnan, Liyana Hazwani
AU - Md Fauzi, Nurul Farah Aina
AU - Thoarlim, Abdulsoma
AU - Syed Omar, Syed Hadzrullathfi
AU - Hamzah, Mohd Shafiee
AU - Yusoff, Zawawi
AU - Jufri, Mahdi
AU - Ahmad, Rashidi
N1 - Funding Information:
The publication of this article is supported by the Mini-Dry of Higher Education, Malaysia (Grant No.: UniSZA/NRGS/2013 (RR057-1)).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 Iran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Copyright:
Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2020/7
Y1 - 2020/7
N2 - N-Methyl-3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA), or ecstasy is a recreational drug of abuse. It is a synthetic substance that affects the body’s systems, which its mechanism of action and treatment should be more investigated. MDMA provides an immediate enjoyable feeling by stimulating the release of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin in the brain. Unfortunately, abnormal regulation of the brain neurotransmitters, as well as the increased oxidative stress causes damage to the brain neurons after the MDMA exposure. Only a few studies have been done regarding its treatment. Thus, the treatment of MDMA complications should be further explored mainly by targeting its mechanism of action in the neurotransmitter systems. Hence, this study presents a short review regarding the recent findings on the role of neurotransmitters to cause MDMA neurotoxicity. The results will be useful for future research in elucidating the potential treatment based on the targeted mechanisms to treat the neurotoxic effects of MDMA.
AB - N-Methyl-3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA), or ecstasy is a recreational drug of abuse. It is a synthetic substance that affects the body’s systems, which its mechanism of action and treatment should be more investigated. MDMA provides an immediate enjoyable feeling by stimulating the release of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin in the brain. Unfortunately, abnormal regulation of the brain neurotransmitters, as well as the increased oxidative stress causes damage to the brain neurons after the MDMA exposure. Only a few studies have been done regarding its treatment. Thus, the treatment of MDMA complications should be further explored mainly by targeting its mechanism of action in the neurotransmitter systems. Hence, this study presents a short review regarding the recent findings on the role of neurotransmitters to cause MDMA neurotoxicity. The results will be useful for future research in elucidating the potential treatment based on the targeted mechanisms to treat the neurotoxic effects of MDMA.
KW - Brain injuries
KW - MDMA
KW - Memory
KW - Neurotransmitter
KW - Therapy
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85094814234&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.32598/bcn.9.10.485
DO - 10.32598/bcn.9.10.485
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85094814234
SN - 2008-126X
VL - 11
SP - 381
EP - 388
JO - Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
JF - Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
IS - 4
ER -