Review on cesium doping in perovskite active layer and transport layer towards high-efficiency and stability

Perovskite material is considered as one of next-generation solar cells that will have good potential to replace the current silicon-based solar cells. However, several disadvantages still limit the application of this materials due to the unstable phase, crystal defects during fabrication, toxic, and susceptible to cell degradation upon humidity and ultraviolet exposure. Several methods and engineering works have been made to overcome those disadvantages including doping, a technique which induces element(s) or compound(s) that could obtain better performance. One of the promising elements is cesium (Cs) that can be doped as a cation, compound or additive which would alter the interface between the electron-selective layer and the strain of perovskite structure. By having this element, the improved higher efficiency and operation stability can be significantly expected. This review article summarizes the efforts have been carried out by researchers working on Cesium doping on the perovskite solar cell towards high efficiency and operational stability. In has been found up to present that the best Cesium cation doping was able to bring up the improvement of efficiency up to 23,71%.