ReDSOM: Relative density visualization of temporal changes in cluster structures using self-organizing maps

We introduce a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) based visualization method that compares cluster structures in temporal datasets using Relative Density SOM (ReDSOM) visualization. Our method, combined with a distance matrix-based visualization, is capable of visually identifying emerging clusters, disappearing clusters, enlarging clusters, contracting clusters, the shifting of cluster centroids, and changes in cluster density. For example, when a region in a SOM becomes significantly more dense compared to an earlier SOM, and well separated from other regions, then the new region can be said to represent a new cluster. The capabilities of ReDSOM are demonstrated using synthetic datasets, as well as real-life datasets from the World Bank and the Australian Taxation Office. The results on the real-life datasets demonstrate that changes identified interactively can be related to actual changes. The identification of such cluster changes is important in many contexts, including the exploration of changes in population behavior in the context of compliance and fraud in taxation.