Public health implications of environmental pollution in urban Indonesia

The current levels of environmental pollutant in Indonesian cities, especially in Jakarta and Surabaya, as well as other cities in Java island, already have the potential for public health impact. Of particular concern and surveillance value are atmospheric particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, heavy metals (lead, cadmium and mercury) and pesticide residuals. These are also entering the food and water supply with particular risk to the socio-economically disadvantaged. Control strategies for environmental pollution are needed and public health programs for high risk groups are a must.