TY - JOUR
T1 - Prevalence of Blood Lead among Children Living in Battery Recycling Communities in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia
AU - Prihartono, Nurhayati A.
AU - Djuwita, Ratna
AU - Mahmud, Putri B.
AU - Haryanto, Budi
AU - Helda, Helda
AU - Wahyono, Tri Yunis Miko
AU - Dignam, Timothy
N1 - Funding Information:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Acknowledgments: We thank the U.S. Environment Protection Agency (EPA) for financial support and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for technical support of this study. We thank Mary Jean Brown (CDC) for technical support during this study. We thank Rakhi Kasat (EPA) for technical oversight of this study. We also thank Budi Susilorini of Blacksmith Institute and the Indonesian Lead Information Center (Komite Penghapusan Bensin Bertimbel) for help gaining entry into the community, and William Hawley (CDC) for comments on this manuscript. We also thank Donald Meadows (CDC) for his copy editing assistance.
Funding Information:
Acknowledgments: We thank the U.S. Environment Protection Agency (EPA) for financial support and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for technical support of this study. We thank Mary Jean Brown (CDC) for technical support during this study. We thank Rakhi Kasat (EPA) for technical oversight of this study. We also thank Budi Susilorini of Blacksmith Institute and the Indonesian Lead Information Center (Komite Penghapusan Bensin Bertimbel) for help gaining entry into the community, and William Hawley (CDC) for comments on this manuscript. We also thank Donald Meadows (CDC) for his copy editing assistance.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2019/4/10
Y1 - 2019/4/10
N2 - This study aimed to assess the prevalence of blood lead levels (BLLs) among children 1 to 5 years old who reside near and distant to informally used lead-acid battery (ULAB) recycling locations and examine risk factors for elevated BLLs. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three greater Jakarta neighborhoods where informal ULAB recycling occurs. Venous BLLs among 279 children were analyzed using portable blood lead testing machines. Demographic, child activities, and sources of lead exposure inside and outside homes were assessed. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate factors associated with the prevalence of BLLs. Forty-seven percent of children had BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL and 9% had BLLs ≥ 10 µg/dL. No differences in geometric mean BLLs were observed between children who lived near and distant to ULAB locations. Older child age groups [Prevalence Ratio (PR) 2.14, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.16, 4.18) and low household income (PR 1.58, 95% CI 1.03, 2.40) were associated with BLLs 5-9 µg/dL. Low educational attainment of the child's father (PR 3.17, 95% CI 1.23, 8.16) and frequent outdoor child activity (PR 4.93, 95% CI 1.09, 22.21) were predictors of BLLs ≥ 10 µg/dL. This study shows the association between lead exposure among children and environmental sources. Public health officials can consider expanded surveillance, health care provider education, and development of strategies to reduce lead exposure.
AB - This study aimed to assess the prevalence of blood lead levels (BLLs) among children 1 to 5 years old who reside near and distant to informally used lead-acid battery (ULAB) recycling locations and examine risk factors for elevated BLLs. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three greater Jakarta neighborhoods where informal ULAB recycling occurs. Venous BLLs among 279 children were analyzed using portable blood lead testing machines. Demographic, child activities, and sources of lead exposure inside and outside homes were assessed. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate factors associated with the prevalence of BLLs. Forty-seven percent of children had BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL and 9% had BLLs ≥ 10 µg/dL. No differences in geometric mean BLLs were observed between children who lived near and distant to ULAB locations. Older child age groups [Prevalence Ratio (PR) 2.14, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.16, 4.18) and low household income (PR 1.58, 95% CI 1.03, 2.40) were associated with BLLs 5-9 µg/dL. Low educational attainment of the child's father (PR 3.17, 95% CI 1.23, 8.16) and frequent outdoor child activity (PR 4.93, 95% CI 1.09, 22.21) were predictors of BLLs ≥ 10 µg/dL. This study shows the association between lead exposure among children and environmental sources. Public health officials can consider expanded surveillance, health care provider education, and development of strategies to reduce lead exposure.
KW - battery recycling
KW - child
KW - environment
KW - Indonesia
KW - Jakarta
KW - lead
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85064835270&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/ijerph16071276
DO - 10.3390/ijerph16071276
M3 - Article
C2 - 30974753
AN - SCOPUS:85064835270
SN - 1661-7827
VL - 16
JO - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
IS - 7
M1 - 1276
ER -
