TY - JOUR
T1 - Polyvinylidene fluoride membrane with a polyvinylpyrrolidone additive for tofu industrial wastewater treatment in combination with the coagulation–flocculation process
AU - Purnawan, Irfan
AU - Angputra, Derryadi
AU - Debora, Septiana Crista
AU - Karamah, Eva Fathul
AU - Febriasari, Arifina
AU - Kartohardjono, Sutrasno
N1 - Funding Information:
Characterization by scanning electron microscope (SEM), water contact angle, and membranes to understand and compare changes in the physical and chemical properties Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were conducted on PVDF/PVP flat sheet that occurred in the membrane. The addition of PVP to the PVDF membrane benefits membranes to understand and compare changes in the physical and chemical properties the membrane in achieving better features than PVDF alone. According to the FTIR test, that occurred in the membrane. The addition of PVP to the PVDF membrane benefits the the presence of PVP is confirmed by a shallow valley at a wavelength in the range of membrane in−ach1 ieving better features than PVDF alone. According to the FTIR test, the 1631–1641 cm in the PVDF membrane line curve, which has no valley at the same wave- presence of PVP is confirmed by a shallow valley at a wavelength in the range of 1631– length. The−1 water contact angle characterization shows that with the higher composition of 1641 cm in the PVDF membrane line curve, which has no valley at the same wavelength. PVP, the lower the contact angle measured, which indicates a more hydrophilic membrane The water contact angle characterization shows that with the higher composition of PVP, surface. The addition of PVP improves the contact degree of the water contact angle due the lower the contact angle measured, which indicates a more hydrophilic membrane sur-to the enlargement of the membrane pores. SEM characterization was employed to both face. The addition of PVP improves the contact degree of the water contact angle due to the surface and a cross-section of the membranes. Compared with pristine PVDF, the the enlargement of the membrane pores. SEM characterization was employed to both the surface and a cross-section of the membranes. Compared with pristine PVDF, the membranes with PVP have larger pores, with the most extensive pore size range belonging to the PVDF/PVP 14.85/0.15 membrane, which is between 51.6–207.6 nm. In addition, the membranes with the addition of PVP are thicker, with the thickest being the PVDF/PVP 14.9/0.1 membrane at about 139.8 µ m. As supported by the data, the addition of PVP provides enhanced properties to the PVDF membrane. The TSS and turbidity of water produced in the UF process decreased with an increase in feed pressure due to a greater driving force generated to facilitate the penetration of suspended solids. The rejections of TSS, turbidity, and TDS were 94.1%, 93.0%, and 19.9%, respectively, at a feed pressure of 7 bar. Tinheth eextpoefurimweanstteawl raetseur.ltMs eshanowwehdil et,htahte tfheee ddepcrreesassuer eina pTpSlSie wd adsi dalnmoot ssti gtnhief icsaanmtely aasfftehcet dtheecrpeHaseo fint htuerwbiadtietry pdruoed utocetdh.e Bmaasiendcoonnstthiteureenstu oltfstoufrbthideitryejbecetiinogn,suthsepemnadjeodri tsyoloidfst hine tohpet itmofaul wreajesctteiwonatvearl.u Meseabnelwonhgileto, tthhee fPeeVdD pFr/ePssVuPre1 4a.p9p/l0i.e1dm deidm nboratnseig. nTihfiecraenfotlrye,aiftfeccatn thbee pcoHn oclfu tdheedwtahtaetr tphreoodputciemdu. mBapseodro osnit tyhfeorretshueltasp opf ltihcaet rioejnecitniotnhi, sthsetumdyajoisri3t2y%o.f the optimal rejection values belong to the PVDF/PVP 14.9/0.1 membrane. Therefore, it can be concluded that the optimum porosity for the application in this study is 32%. Formal analysis, S.K.; Funding acquisition, S.K.; Investigation, D.A., S.C.D. and S.K.; Methodology, Author Contributions: Conceptualization, S.K.; Data curation, I.P., D.A., S.C.D., A.F., and S.K.; Formal analysis, S.K.; Funding acquisition, S.K.; Investigation, D.A., S.C.D., and S.K.; Methodology, I.P., D.A., A.F., and S.K.; Supervision, I.P., E.F.K., and S.K.; Validation, D.A., S.C.D., E.F.K., and S.K.; Writing—original draft, I.P. and S.K.; Writing—review and editing, S.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. HKP.05.00/2021. Funding: This research was funded by the Universitas Indonesia, grant number NKB-Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. 504/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2021. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021/12
Y1 - 2021/12
N2 - Wastewater from the tofu industry contains many pollutants that are very harmful to the environment, significantly endangering aquatic life and producing a pungent odor. This study aims to prepare a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane with the additive polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and utilize it to treat tofu wastewater in the ultrafiltration (UF) process. Flat sheet membranes were prepared using PVDF that was dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and then combined with the additive material of PVP at the varying compositions of 14.9/0.1, 14.85/0.15, and 14.8/0.2 g of PVDF/gram of PVP. The addition of PVP was proposed to improve the properties of the membranes. Characterization by scanning electron microscope (SEM), water contact angle, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed on the PVDF/PVP membrane flat sheet in order to understand and compare changes in the physical and chemical properties that occurred in the membrane. Prior to the UF process, the tofu wastewater was treated by a coagulation–flocculation process through a jar tester using poly aluminum chloride (PAC) as a coagulant. Based on the membrane characterization, the addition of PVP improved the physical and chemical properties of membranes. The pore size of the membrane becomes larger, which could increase permeability as well as the flux value. The TSS and turbidity of the water produced in the UF process decreased with an increase in feed pressure due to a greater driving force generated to facilitate the penetration of the suspended solids. The UF results showed that the effect of PVP on water flux was greatest for the 14.85/0.15 PVDF/PVP membrane for both pure and wastewater. In addition, the highest percentage of rejection for TSS and turbidity were observed in the 14.9/0.1 PVDF/PVP membrane and rejection for TDS was indicated in the 14.8/0.2 PVDF/PVP membrane. Meanwhile, the resulting pH decreased slightly across all samples as feed pressure increased.
AB - Wastewater from the tofu industry contains many pollutants that are very harmful to the environment, significantly endangering aquatic life and producing a pungent odor. This study aims to prepare a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane with the additive polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and utilize it to treat tofu wastewater in the ultrafiltration (UF) process. Flat sheet membranes were prepared using PVDF that was dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and then combined with the additive material of PVP at the varying compositions of 14.9/0.1, 14.85/0.15, and 14.8/0.2 g of PVDF/gram of PVP. The addition of PVP was proposed to improve the properties of the membranes. Characterization by scanning electron microscope (SEM), water contact angle, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed on the PVDF/PVP membrane flat sheet in order to understand and compare changes in the physical and chemical properties that occurred in the membrane. Prior to the UF process, the tofu wastewater was treated by a coagulation–flocculation process through a jar tester using poly aluminum chloride (PAC) as a coagulant. Based on the membrane characterization, the addition of PVP improved the physical and chemical properties of membranes. The pore size of the membrane becomes larger, which could increase permeability as well as the flux value. The TSS and turbidity of the water produced in the UF process decreased with an increase in feed pressure due to a greater driving force generated to facilitate the penetration of the suspended solids. The UF results showed that the effect of PVP on water flux was greatest for the 14.85/0.15 PVDF/PVP membrane for both pure and wastewater. In addition, the highest percentage of rejection for TSS and turbidity were observed in the 14.9/0.1 PVDF/PVP membrane and rejection for TDS was indicated in the 14.8/0.2 PVDF/PVP membrane. Meanwhile, the resulting pH decreased slightly across all samples as feed pressure increased.
KW - PVDF
KW - PVP
KW - Tofu wastewater
KW - Ultrafiltration
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85120646457&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/membranes11120948
DO - 10.3390/membranes11120948
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85120646457
SN - 2077-0375
VL - 11
JO - Membranes
JF - Membranes
IS - 12
M1 - 948
ER -