TY - JOUR
T1 - Phylogeography, Population Structure, and Conservation of the Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch)
AU - Kheng, Valentine
AU - Zichello, Julia M.
AU - Lumbantobing, Daniel N.
AU - Lawalata, Shobi Z.S.
AU - Andayani, Noviar
AU - Melnick, Don J.
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgements We thank Peter E. Smouse, Mary E. Blair, Rob DeSalle, Jeffrey Rosenfeld, and Mariana D. B. Intan for their invaluable assistance in data analysis. The SNPs data collection was done at the Anthropological Genetics Laboratory at Hunter College–CUNY through the generosity of Michael Steiper. We are very grateful for the inputs and comments of Peter Smouse, Michael Steiper, and Marina Cords on the first draft of the manuscript, which have improved this article significantly. We also acknowledge Andi Eko Maryanto for his help in providing the unpublished data, and Lijun Alicia Liu for her assistance in the preparation of the first draft. We did this study using data obtained by previous project supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (grant 9707883), the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, and the Center for Environmental Research and Conservation. We would also like to thank the three anonymous reviewers and Joanna M. Setchell for their valuable comments and suggestions on an earlier version of this article.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
PY - 2018/2/1
Y1 - 2018/2/1
N2 - An understanding of phylogeography and population genetics is needed for a comprehensive long-term conservation management strategy. The Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch), an Endangered species endemic to the island of Java, has been protected since 1924 but is threatened by ongoing habitat loss, habitat degradation, and the wildlife trade. We studied the phylogeography and population genetic structure of the Javan gibbon, to define the number of Evolutionary Significant Units (ESUs) in the species, and the population genetic structure in each ESU. We sampled 47 individuals, analyzing 35 for variation in mitochondrial DNA control region, 41 for variation in 8 nuclear DNA microsatellites, and 13 for variation in 45 nuclear DNA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We found support for two ESUs across the species range: a western ESU, extending from Ujung Kulon to Gunung Gede–Pangrango, and a central ESU, extending from Gunung Masigit–Simpang–Tilu to Gunung Slamet. Analysis of molecular variance and population structure analysis indicate significant structuring in the western ESU between Ujung Kulon and Gunung Halimun–Salak–Gede–Pangrango, and little to moderate structure in the central ESU, underscoring the importance of conserving as many populations as possible to preserve the full array of genetic diversity in this species. Our results will inform future more comprehensive population genetic surveys and the conservation genetic management of the Javan gibbon. This study demonstrates the importance of genetics when designing conservation management strategies for endangered primates.
AB - An understanding of phylogeography and population genetics is needed for a comprehensive long-term conservation management strategy. The Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch), an Endangered species endemic to the island of Java, has been protected since 1924 but is threatened by ongoing habitat loss, habitat degradation, and the wildlife trade. We studied the phylogeography and population genetic structure of the Javan gibbon, to define the number of Evolutionary Significant Units (ESUs) in the species, and the population genetic structure in each ESU. We sampled 47 individuals, analyzing 35 for variation in mitochondrial DNA control region, 41 for variation in 8 nuclear DNA microsatellites, and 13 for variation in 45 nuclear DNA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We found support for two ESUs across the species range: a western ESU, extending from Ujung Kulon to Gunung Gede–Pangrango, and a central ESU, extending from Gunung Masigit–Simpang–Tilu to Gunung Slamet. Analysis of molecular variance and population structure analysis indicate significant structuring in the western ESU between Ujung Kulon and Gunung Halimun–Salak–Gede–Pangrango, and little to moderate structure in the central ESU, underscoring the importance of conserving as many populations as possible to preserve the full array of genetic diversity in this species. Our results will inform future more comprehensive population genetic surveys and the conservation genetic management of the Javan gibbon. This study demonstrates the importance of genetics when designing conservation management strategies for endangered primates.
KW - Evolutionary Significant Unit
KW - Javan gibbon
KW - Microsatellites
KW - Mitochondrial DNA
KW - Single nucleotide polymorphisms
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85038098688&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s10764-017-0005-7
DO - 10.1007/s10764-017-0005-7
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85038098688
VL - 39
SP - 5
EP - 26
JO - International Journal of Primatology
JF - International Journal of Primatology
SN - 0164-0291
IS - 1
ER -