Performance Analysis Simulation of Urban Rooftop Photovoltaic Potential in Jakarta City, Indonesia

Energy consumption in urban areas is increasing in line with population growth and economic activity. Cities therefore have an important role in the energy transition process. Jakarta, a metropolitan city, has many buildings that can be used for the installation of distributed solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. This study aims to investigate the potential of rooftop solar photovoltaics (RSPV) potential in the city. Available urban rooftop space for installing distributed rooftop solar PV in Jakarta is evaluated by the combination of land use and building footprint analysis using a geographic information system (GIS); consideration of the reduction in shading; and other uses. The study results show that the available roof area suitable for solar PV is 101,297,045 m² (101.3 km²), 11,236,062 m² (11.2 km²) and 14,021,862 m² (14 km²) in residential, industrial and commercial zones respectively. Therefore, potential PV installation capacity based on the available roof area potential ranges from 16,967–21,526 MWp for residential, 1,882–2,388 MWp for industrial, and 2,349–2,980 MWp for commercial areas. Residential electricity potential is 19,089 GWh/year, industrial 2,454 GWh/year, and commercial 3,062 GWh/year, with a scenario of 17.3 percent PV panel efficiency. On the other hand, with 22.8 percent PV panel efficiency, potential residential electricity generation is 26,239 GWh/year, industrial 3,373 GWh/year, and commercial 4,209 GWh/year, representing an annual specific energy yield of 1,161–1,258 kWh/kWp.