TY - JOUR
T1 - Natural sunscreen formulation with a high sun protection factor (SPF) from tengkawang butter and lignin
AU - Darmawan, Muhammad Arif
AU - Ramadhani, Nurul Hikmah
AU - Hubeis, Nadhira Alifa
AU - Ramadhan, Muhammad Yusuf Arya
AU - Sahlan, Muhammad
AU - Abd-Aziz, Suraini
AU - Gozan, Misri
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by The Ministry of Research and Higher Education of Republik of Indonesia's financial support through the research grant “Hibah Penelitian Dasar Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi” ( PDUPT ) 2021 ( NKB-204/UN2 . RST/HKP.05.00/2021 ). The authors also gratefully acknowledged the financial support for publication by Universitas Indonesia through the scheme of Hibah Riset Kolaborasi Internasional WCU 2021 ( NKB-643/UN2 . RST/HKP.05.00/2021 ).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Authors
PY - 2022/3
Y1 - 2022/3
N2 - Sun protection agents from natural materials have a lower risk of side effects. This study evaluated the effect of lignosulfonate addition to increase the quality and SPF value of tengkawang butter. The sunscreen formulation is made with a mixture of tengkawang butter as the primary ingredient of sunscreen and lignosulfonate as a natural activating agent. Variations in lignosulfonate types (Ca-Lignosulfonate, Mg-Lignosulfonate, and Na-Lignosulfonate) and concentration (1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% w/w) were used in this study. The results show the addition of Ca, Mg, and Na-lignosulfonate has reduced the acidity of tengkawang butter from 4.795 ± 0.125 mg NaOH/g sample to 3.28 ± 0.13, 3.18 ± 0.28, and 2.39 ± 0.28 mg NaOH/g sample, respectively. The peroxide number of tengkawang butter was also reduced with the addition of Ca, Mg, and Na-lignosulfonate from 3.68 ± 0.73 meq O2/kg sample to 3.59 ± 0.62, 3.62 ± 0.67 and, 3.59 ± 0.52 meq O2 /kg sample, respectively. The results showed that adding 10% (w/w) Ca-lignosulfonate, Mg-lignosulfonate and Na-lignosulfonate increased the SPF value of tengkawang butter from 4.04 ± 0.12–13.12 ± 0.26 (224%), 13.05 ± 0.11 (223%), and 16.98 ± 0.95 (320%), respectively. The increase of SPF value has a relationship with the chromophore compounds in lignin. The results of this study can be used as a cosmetic formulation with high SPF to protect the skin from ultraviolet rays.
AB - Sun protection agents from natural materials have a lower risk of side effects. This study evaluated the effect of lignosulfonate addition to increase the quality and SPF value of tengkawang butter. The sunscreen formulation is made with a mixture of tengkawang butter as the primary ingredient of sunscreen and lignosulfonate as a natural activating agent. Variations in lignosulfonate types (Ca-Lignosulfonate, Mg-Lignosulfonate, and Na-Lignosulfonate) and concentration (1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% w/w) were used in this study. The results show the addition of Ca, Mg, and Na-lignosulfonate has reduced the acidity of tengkawang butter from 4.795 ± 0.125 mg NaOH/g sample to 3.28 ± 0.13, 3.18 ± 0.28, and 2.39 ± 0.28 mg NaOH/g sample, respectively. The peroxide number of tengkawang butter was also reduced with the addition of Ca, Mg, and Na-lignosulfonate from 3.68 ± 0.73 meq O2/kg sample to 3.59 ± 0.62, 3.62 ± 0.67 and, 3.59 ± 0.52 meq O2 /kg sample, respectively. The results showed that adding 10% (w/w) Ca-lignosulfonate, Mg-lignosulfonate and Na-lignosulfonate increased the SPF value of tengkawang butter from 4.04 ± 0.12–13.12 ± 0.26 (224%), 13.05 ± 0.11 (223%), and 16.98 ± 0.95 (320%), respectively. The increase of SPF value has a relationship with the chromophore compounds in lignin. The results of this study can be used as a cosmetic formulation with high SPF to protect the skin from ultraviolet rays.
KW - Biorefinery
KW - Cosmetic
KW - Lignin
KW - Sun protection factor
KW - Tengkawang butter
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85121927378&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114466
DO - 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114466
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85121927378
SN - 0926-6690
VL - 177
JO - Industrial Crops and Products
JF - Industrial Crops and Products
M1 - 114466
ER -