@article{11641c1660db435787c9884b2bfb336b,
title = "Nanoemulsion curcumin injection showed significant anti-inflammatory activities on carrageenan-induced paw edema in Sprague-Dawley rats",
abstract = "Medicinal plants are candidates for the discovery of potential new anti-inflammatory agents. Curcumin is the active compound found in turmeric root, which has high anti-inflammatory activity. One of the limitations of curcumin as a therapeutic agent is its low solubility in water and extensive first-pass effect metabolism. The aim of this study was to formulate curcumin nanoemulsion for parenteral injection. We prepared curcumin nanoemulsions with a homogenizer using three surfactant concentrations (1.8%; 2.4%; and 3%) and two curcumin concentrations (1% and 3%). Formulas were evaluated for droplet diameter, polydispersity index, zeta potential, viscosity, pH, entrapment efficiency (EE), osmolality, sterility, and morphology. The nanoemulsion containing 1% curcumin and 3% surfactant (F3) demonstrated good stability. Curcumin nanoemulsions at 20 and 40 mg/kg doses showed anti-inflammatory activity on carrageenan-induced paw edema in male Sprague-Dawley rats. These two doses inhibited paw edema by 33% and 56% respectively at 5 h after carrageenan induction. Inhibition of edema volume by curcumin nanoemulsion at a dose of 40 mg/kg did not show a significant difference (P > 0.05) compared to the activity of the standard drug ketorolac at a dose of 2.7 mg/kg. We conclude that curcumin nanoemulsion has anti-inflammatory activity and can be a promising anti-inflammatory agent.",
keywords = "Anti-inflammatory, Curcumin, Intravenous injection, Nanoemulsion, Palm oil (LCT oil)",
author = "Adilah Marwa and Iskandarsyah and Mahdi Jufri",
note = "Funding Information: Mahdi Jufri reports financial support was provided by Ministry of Education Culture Research and Technology . Funding Information: Mahdi Jufri reports financial support was provided by Ministry of Education Culture Research and Technology.Observation of globule morphology in this study was carried out on nanoemulsion formula 3. The morphology of the nanoemulsion can be seen microscopically using TEM, as shown in Fig. 2. Images obtained from TEM can be used to support the result of particle size measurement using a particle size analyzer. The TEM images shown in Fig. 3(a–c) demonstrated the spherical shape of nanoemulsion with the active substance in the inner part of the globules. The spherical globule is considered able to penetrate cellular membranes easily and can reduce aggregation because the interaction between the particle surfaces is reduced [36]. TEM imaging with magnification 97.000 times showed that nanoemulsion has a globule size of about 300 nm (Fig. 3c). This result is consistent with the particle size value in Formula 3. Nanoemulsions have a high free energy difference between the separated phases so they tend to contain spherical particles due to the high Laplace pressure working on them [37]. The nanoemulsion's spherical ball-like appearance indicates that the particles are evenly dispersed. Funding Information: This research was financially supported by Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 The Authors",
year = "2023",
month = apr,
doi = "10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15457",
language = "English",
volume = "9",
journal = "Heliyon",
issn = "2405-8440",
publisher = "Elsevier BV",
number = "4",
}