Monetite as a potential ideal bone substitute: A short review on fabrication and properties

The use of autologous bone for grafting, although remains as gold standard, still presents high complication rate. Calcium phosphates have been developed to fulfil the requirements as an ideal bone substitute. Among calcium phosphates, hydroxyapatite (HA), beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), and brushite are considered popular. Albeit being the most popular, those are not without drawbacks. The main issues with hydroxyapatite, β -TCP, and brushite is their solubility and resorption behaviour. On the other hand, monetite, the anhydrous form of brushite, were proven to have better solubility and resorption rate. Past studies have confirmed its osteoconductive and osseo-integrative ability, proving it as a material of importance in bone grafting field. Seeing its potentials, monetite is starting to gain more popularity to be an ideal candidate for bone grafting. This paper intends to present a review of monetite as a bone substitute material. Here, we narrate a review of the fabrication and properties of monetite that have been conducted from previous studies. We also discuss the application of monetite as graft in dental and orthopaedic field. Hopefully readers may find this review helpful to find key information about the emerging importance of monetite and utilize this work as a conduct for further research.