TY - JOUR
T1 - Mitragyna Species as Pharmacological Agents
T2 - From Abuse to Promising Pharmaceutical Products
AU - Ahmad, Islamudin
AU - Prabowo, Wisnu Cahyo
AU - Arifuddin, Muhammad
AU - Fadraersada, Jaka
AU - Indriyanti, Niken
AU - Herman, Herman
AU - Purwoko, Reza Yuridian
AU - Nainu, Firzan
AU - Rahmadi, Anton
AU - Paramita, Swandari
AU - Kuncoro, Hadi
AU - Mita, Nur
AU - Narsa, Angga Cipta
AU - Prasetya, Fajar
AU - Ibrahim, Arsyik
AU - Rijai, Laode
AU - Alam, Gemini
AU - Mun’im, Abdul
AU - Dej-Adisai, Sukanya
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was funded by Lembaga Pengelolaan Dana Pendidikan (LPDP) Kementrian Keuangan Republik Indonesia and the Ministry of Research and Technology/National Research and Innovation Agency through RISPRO Mandatory, grant number of 48/LPDP/2020.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2022/2
Y1 - 2022/2
N2 - Mitragyna is a genus belonging to the Rubiaceae family and is a plant endemic to Asia and Africa. Traditionally, the plants of this genus were used by local people to treat some diseases from generation to generation. Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. is a controversial plant from this genus, known under the trading name “kratom”, and contains more than 40 different types of alkaloids. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine have agonist morphine-like effects on opioid receptors. Globally, Mitragyna plants have high economic value. However, regulations regarding the circulation and use of these commodities vary in several countries around the world. This review article aims to comprehensively examine Mitragyna plants (mainly M. speciosa) as potential pharmacological agents by looking at various aspects of the plants. A literature search was performed and information collected using electronic databases including Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, directory open access journal (DOAJ), and Google Scholar in early 2020 to mid-2021. This narrative review highlights some aspects of this genus, including historical background and botanical origins, habitat, cultivation, its use in traditional medicine, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity, abuse and addiction, legal issues, and the potential of Mitragyna species as pharmaceutical products.
AB - Mitragyna is a genus belonging to the Rubiaceae family and is a plant endemic to Asia and Africa. Traditionally, the plants of this genus were used by local people to treat some diseases from generation to generation. Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. is a controversial plant from this genus, known under the trading name “kratom”, and contains more than 40 different types of alkaloids. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine have agonist morphine-like effects on opioid receptors. Globally, Mitragyna plants have high economic value. However, regulations regarding the circulation and use of these commodities vary in several countries around the world. This review article aims to comprehensively examine Mitragyna plants (mainly M. speciosa) as potential pharmacological agents by looking at various aspects of the plants. A literature search was performed and information collected using electronic databases including Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, directory open access journal (DOAJ), and Google Scholar in early 2020 to mid-2021. This narrative review highlights some aspects of this genus, including historical background and botanical origins, habitat, cultivation, its use in traditional medicine, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity, abuse and addiction, legal issues, and the potential of Mitragyna species as pharmaceutical products.
KW - 7-hydroxymitragynine
KW - Kratom
KW - Mitragyna speciosa
KW - Mitragynine
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85123630600&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/life12020193
DO - 10.3390/life12020193
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85123630600
SN - 2075-1729
VL - 12
JO - Life
JF - Life
IS - 2
M1 - 193
ER -