TY - JOUR
T1 - In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera
T2 - Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice
AU - Subahar, Rizal
AU - Susanto, Lisawati
AU - Aidilla, Rachmanin
AU - Aulia, Annisa Putri
AU - Yulhasri, Yulhasri
AU - Winita, Rawina
AU - Lubis, Nadar S.
AU - Sari, Ika Puspa
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was funded by the Directorate of Research and Community Service at the University of Indonesia (grant number HIBAH PUTI Q2 2020, 1501). The authors would like to thank the Head of the Department of Parasitology and the Head of the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, for providing necessary facilities for this study.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Veterinary World. All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/11
Y1 - 2021/11
N2 - Background and Aim: Pediculus humanus capitis, the human head louse, remains a global health problem. This study evaluated the resistance of head lice to permethrin and 6-paradol mediated by in vitro detoxification enzyme activity experiments and to describe physical changes in the lice using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: The adult stages of P. h. capitis were collected from patients exposed to 1% permethrin and three different concentrations of 6-paradol (0.00005%, 0.0001%, and 0.00015%) using a filter paper diffusion bioassay. Healthy P. h. capitis adults served as the control. The in vitro bioassays were conducted after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min of exposure. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and oxidase were analyzed. Physical changes in the lice were analyzed using SEM. Results: Permethrin and 6-paradol exhibited low toxicity against the lice. At 60 min, 1% permethrin had killed 36.7% of the lice present, while 6-paradol had killed 66.7-86.7%. Permethrin induced significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity; 6-paradol also caused significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. Permethrin did not cause any ultrastructural morphological changes on the lice, while 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice. Conclusion: This in vitro experimental of P. h. capitis is the first study to report P. h. capitis in East Jakarta shows complete resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol, and to describe the associated increase in AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. It was observed that 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice.
AB - Background and Aim: Pediculus humanus capitis, the human head louse, remains a global health problem. This study evaluated the resistance of head lice to permethrin and 6-paradol mediated by in vitro detoxification enzyme activity experiments and to describe physical changes in the lice using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: The adult stages of P. h. capitis were collected from patients exposed to 1% permethrin and three different concentrations of 6-paradol (0.00005%, 0.0001%, and 0.00015%) using a filter paper diffusion bioassay. Healthy P. h. capitis adults served as the control. The in vitro bioassays were conducted after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min of exposure. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and oxidase were analyzed. Physical changes in the lice were analyzed using SEM. Results: Permethrin and 6-paradol exhibited low toxicity against the lice. At 60 min, 1% permethrin had killed 36.7% of the lice present, while 6-paradol had killed 66.7-86.7%. Permethrin induced significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity; 6-paradol also caused significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. Permethrin did not cause any ultrastructural morphological changes on the lice, while 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice. Conclusion: This in vitro experimental of P. h. capitis is the first study to report P. h. capitis in East Jakarta shows complete resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol, and to describe the associated increase in AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. It was observed that 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice.
KW - 6-paradol
KW - Detoxifying enzyme
KW - Electron microscopy
KW - Pediculus humanus capitis
KW - Permethrin
KW - Resistance
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85120814548&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.14202/vetworld.2021.3065-3075
DO - 10.14202/vetworld.2021.3065-3075
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85120814548
SN - 0972-8988
VL - 14
SP - 3065
EP - 3075
JO - Veterinary World
JF - Veterinary World
IS - 11
ER -