Hazard and Risk Identification in Earthworks for Road Tunnel Construction: A Case Study of the First Road Tunnel in Kalimantan Island, Indonesia

Tunnel construction involves a high level of danger and risk compared to other types of geotechnical construction accidents. This research aims to identify hazards and risks associated with earthworks in tunnel projects in Kalimantan Island, Indonesia. The methodology includes a literature review and expert judgment, utilizing Level 4 of Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) to identify potential hazards and risks. The findings of this research highlight that involving experienced experts in hazard and risk identification through the WBS can uncover risks that might not be evident in the early stages of planning. The results showed that workers faced 33 potential hazards, the environment or public encountered 19, equipment presented 14, and materials posed 6. The identified hazards for workers include the risk of being buried in excavation landslides and exposure to hazardous gases, while the environment and public face risks such as air pollution and landslides. Equipment-related risks involve machine failure, material risks stem from unsafe storage. Based on the research findings, this research provides valuable input, demonstrating that the application of Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and the involvement of appropriate experts can significantly improve the comprehensiveness and effectiveness of hazard and risk identification. This approach supports the development of safety plan documents to mitigate hazards and risks in tunnel projects located in geotechnically challenging areas such as Kalimantan.