Grey zone conflict in the south china sea: The challenges for indonesian maritime security governance

This article examines the dynamics of “grey zone conflict” in the South China Sea, focusing on how smaller states such as Indonesia respond to China’s assertive actions in the disputed waters. It argues that China’s strategy towards Indonesia illustrates the distinct characteristics of grey zone tactics when employed by a stronger actor against a weaker one, differing from the more typical cases where weaker actors challenge stronger adversaries. China’s dominance in law enforcement and naval capabilities enables it to execute grey zone tactics while managing and controlling the escalation of conflict. Moreover, the ambiguous nature of grey zone strategies complicates Indonesia’s efforts to reform its maritime security governance, which has aimed to clearly delineate the roles and responsibilities of civilian maritime security agencies and the navy. This institutional rigidity conflicts with the flexibility required to address grey zone challenges effectively. To better prepare for and respond to grey zone challenges, Indonesia must enhance its coastguard and naval capabilities, adopt a whole-of-government approach to maritime security and integrate grey zone considerations into its strategic planning. Additionally, Indonesia should seek to strengthen cooperation with like-minded countries in the region to create a more unified front against grey zone challenges.1