TY - JOUR
T1 - Geographically Structured Populations of Cryptococcus neoformans Variety grubii in Asia Correlate with HIV Status and Show a Clonal Population Structure
AU - Khayhan, Kantarawee
AU - Hagen, Ferry
AU - Pan, Weihua
AU - Simwami, Sitali
AU - Fisher, Matthew C.
AU - Wahyuningsih, Retno
AU - Chakrabarti, Arunaloke
AU - Chowdhary, Anuradha
AU - Ikeda, Reiko
AU - Taj-Aldeen, Saad J.
AU - Khan, Ziauddin
AU - Ip, Margaret
AU - Imran, Darma
AU - Sjam, Ridhawati
AU - Sriburee, Pojana
AU - Liao, Wanqing
AU - Chaicumpar, Kunyaluk
AU - Vuddhakul, Varaporn
AU - Meyer, Wieland
AU - Trilles, Luciana
AU - van Iersel, Leo J.J.
AU - Meis, Jacques F.
AU - Klaassen, Corné H.W.
AU - Boekhout, Teun
N1 - Funding Information:
JFM has been a consultant to Astellas, Basilea, Merck and Schering-Plough and received speaker's fees from Gilead, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Merck, Pfizer, and Schering-Plough. CHK received a grant from Pfizer. RW is currently receiving a grant from IIR-Pfizer for doing research on Indonesian Cryptococcus isolates. RW is a speaker for Pfizer and Astellas Pharma. All other authors: no potential conflicts of interest relating to employment, consultancy, patents, products in development or marketed products. The sponsors of the research played no decision-making role in the design, execution, analysis and reporting of the research. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
PY - 2013/9/3
Y1 - 2013/9/3
N2 - Cryptococcosis is an important fungal disease in Asia with an estimated 140,000 new infections annually the majority of which occurs in patients suffering from HIV/AIDS. Cryptococcus neoformans variety grubii (serotype A) is the major causative agent of this disease. In the present study, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using the ISHAM MLST consensus scheme for the C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex was used to analyse nucleotide polymorphisms among 476 isolates of this pathogen obtained from 8 Asian countries. Population genetic analysis showed that the Asian C. neoformans var. grubii population shows limited genetic diversity and demonstrates a largely clonal mode of reproduction when compared with the global MLST dataset. HIV-status, sequence types and geography were found to be confounded. However, a correlation between sequence types and isolates from HIV-negative patients was observed among the Asian isolates. Observations of high gene flow between the Middle Eastern and the Southeastern Asian populations suggest that immigrant workers in the Middle East were originally infected in Southeastern Asia.
AB - Cryptococcosis is an important fungal disease in Asia with an estimated 140,000 new infections annually the majority of which occurs in patients suffering from HIV/AIDS. Cryptococcus neoformans variety grubii (serotype A) is the major causative agent of this disease. In the present study, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using the ISHAM MLST consensus scheme for the C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex was used to analyse nucleotide polymorphisms among 476 isolates of this pathogen obtained from 8 Asian countries. Population genetic analysis showed that the Asian C. neoformans var. grubii population shows limited genetic diversity and demonstrates a largely clonal mode of reproduction when compared with the global MLST dataset. HIV-status, sequence types and geography were found to be confounded. However, a correlation between sequence types and isolates from HIV-negative patients was observed among the Asian isolates. Observations of high gene flow between the Middle Eastern and the Southeastern Asian populations suggest that immigrant workers in the Middle East were originally infected in Southeastern Asia.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84883443243&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1371/journal.pone.0072222
DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0072222
M3 - Article
C2 - 24019866
AN - SCOPUS:84883443243
SN - 1932-6203
VL - 8
JO - PloS one
JF - PloS one
IS - 9
M1 - e72222
ER -