Externalities aspects of freight distribution through the urban consolidation center

This study is also intended to analyze how the traffic parameter is taken into account in the determination of distribution routes and schedules. The analysis is based on the data produced by one of the Urban Consolidation Center (UCC) operators in the form of their freight vehicles' travel diary. The results show that the average CO₂ emissions produced by the delivery activity through the UCC are 0.0196 kg CO2/item. By dispatching an average number of items of 2139.70 within one trip, each truck is responsible for the external costs of CO₂ emissions as Rp16,614,- (based on International standards of external costs of CO₂ emissions) or Rp4,131,- (based on Indonesian standard). Regarding the traffic consideration on the distribution trips, most of the trips go into class II, i.e., UCC serves retail stores with a fairly wide coverage area but has not too many stops. In terms of tour efficiency, distribution trips through UCC are considered to be quite efficient. However, they can still be more optimized by increasing the average travel speed of vehicles per stop, reducing mileage between delivery points, or reducing service time in each delivery point without reducing service quality.