TY - JOUR
T1 - Exposure to carbon monoxide, fine particle mass, and ultrafine particle number in Jakarta, Indonesia
T2 - Effect of commute mode
AU - Both, Adam F.
AU - Westerdahl, Dane
AU - Fruin, Scott
AU - Haryanto, Budi
AU - Marshall, Julian D.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors gratefully acknowledge assistance from research staff in the Faculty of Public Health — University of Indonesia, including Sri Endah Suwarni, Dadun, Indang Trihandini, Amri Ismail, and 22 student data-collectors. We also gratefully acknowledge Professor Costas Sioutas (University of Southern California) for providing the diffusion driers used in this study. This work was funded by the US Asia Environmental Partnership (USAEP/USAID) Indonesia in collaboration with Swisscontact Indonesia .
PY - 2013/1/5
Y1 - 2013/1/5
N2 - We measured real-time exposure to PM2.5, ultrafine PM (particle number) and carbon monoxide (CO) for commuting workers school children, and traffic police, in Jakarta, Indonesia. In total, we measured exposures for 36 individuals covering 93days. Commuters in private cars experienced mean (st dev) exposures of 22 (9.4) ppm CO, 91 (38) μg/m3PM2.5, and 290 (150)×103 particlescm-3. Mean concentrations were higher in public transport than in private cars for PM2.5 (difference in means: 22%) and particle counts (54%), but not CO, likely reflecting in-vehicle particle losses in private cars owing to air-conditioning. However, average commute times were longer for private car commuters than public transport commuters (in our sample, 24% longer: 3.0 vs. 2.3h per day). Commute and traffic-related exposures experienced by Jakarta residents are among the highest in the world, owing to high on-road concentrations and multi-hour commutes.
AB - We measured real-time exposure to PM2.5, ultrafine PM (particle number) and carbon monoxide (CO) for commuting workers school children, and traffic police, in Jakarta, Indonesia. In total, we measured exposures for 36 individuals covering 93days. Commuters in private cars experienced mean (st dev) exposures of 22 (9.4) ppm CO, 91 (38) μg/m3PM2.5, and 290 (150)×103 particlescm-3. Mean concentrations were higher in public transport than in private cars for PM2.5 (difference in means: 22%) and particle counts (54%), but not CO, likely reflecting in-vehicle particle losses in private cars owing to air-conditioning. However, average commute times were longer for private car commuters than public transport commuters (in our sample, 24% longer: 3.0 vs. 2.3h per day). Commute and traffic-related exposures experienced by Jakarta residents are among the highest in the world, owing to high on-road concentrations and multi-hour commutes.
KW - Developing country
KW - In-vehicle exposure
KW - Motor vehicle emissions
KW - Urban air pollution
KW - Urbanization
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84872388940&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.082
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.082
M3 - Article
C2 - 23314255
AN - SCOPUS:84872388940
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 443
SP - 965
EP - 972
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
ER -
