Effect of solvent polarity on yield extract, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of phytochemicals from Andrographis paniculata leaves

In this study, the impact of solvent polarity on the extraction yield, antibacterial activity and antioxidant characteristics of phytochemical compounds derived from Andrographis paniculata leaves was investigated. The simplicia of A. paniculata was macerated in different organic solvents with raising polarity (n-Hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, ethanol, methanol, methanol–water) at room temperature for 24 h. Preliminary screening revealed that the yield extract, phytochemical composition, antibacterial activity and antioxidant properties were influenced by the polarity of the solvent used for extraction. The optimum yield extract was obtained using a methanol–water solvent (50:50, v/v) of 15.46%. The most active antibacterial activity against biofilm-forming bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was obtained using ethyl acetate and dichloromethane with a minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) value of 312.5 µg mL⁻¹. Meanwhile, the antioxidant properties of A. paniculata leaf extract with all solvents shows a very weak level. The antibacterial activity and antioxidant properties of A. paniculata leaf extracts are related to the phytochemical content in the extract. This result is evident in the extract with ethyl acetate solvents with the highest total phenolic and flavonoid values. However, GC-MS analysis of A. paniculata extract revealed 20 components, with Supraene having the greatest compounds.