Development of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method to model the interaction of sand and water during liquefaction with bingham fluid model adaptation

Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is a mesh-free numerical method that models the movement of particles in the Langrangian method. SPH method treats the domain as discrete particles instead of continuous entities, making it more accurate to model phenomenons that have a big deformation. The purpose of this research is to analyze the interaction between soil and water particles, based on the particle movements, density, pressure, internal forces, and external forces. This research continues the previous research of interaction between fluid-fluid particles in SPH by applying the Bingham fluid model to one type of fluid to represent coarsegrained soil particles. In the future, we hope this research can be further developed into a liquefaction prediction model by quantifying the main factors of liquefaction, such as the amplitude of shear strain, effective stress reduction, and excess pore water pressure.