TY - JOUR
T1 - Development of Food Multi-Mix Using a Linear Programming Approach to Fill the Nutrient Gap of Amino Acids and Micronutrients for Stunted Non-Wasted Children
AU - Wirawan, Nia N.
AU - Fahmida, Umi
AU - Purwestri, Ratna C.
AU - Timan, Ina S.
AU - Hegar, Badriul
N1 - Funding Information:
This study is part of the Ph.D. research work of the first author (NNW) with the scholarship of the BUDI-DN, a collaboration between the Ministry of Higher Education, the Republic of Indonesia with the Ministry of Finance, Republic of Indonesia. This research was funded by: the University of Indonesia through the scheme of the Doctorate International indexed publication (PUTI) grant no. NKB-580/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2020; the Neys-Van Hoogstraten Foundation (NHF) Netherland code number IN329; and FrieslandCampina BV, The Netherland.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors.
PY - 2023/1
Y1 - 2023/1
N2 - Food-based approaches using locally available food escalates the feasibility and the sustainability of nutrition intervention. A complementary feeding recommendation (CFR) integrated with the food multi-mix (FMM) formulation was targeted to fulfill micronutrient and amino acid requirements for stunted non-wasted (SNW) children aged 12–23 months living in agricultural areas. A seven-day estimated food record (EFR) of 87 children was used to design the CFR and 4 identified underutilized foods were integrated as the FMM. A linear programming approach using Optifood was applied to optimize the CFR and FMM. CFR alone successfully fulfills the vitamin C, riboflavin, iron, and zinc, but it cannot fulfill calcium, thiamin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, and histidine. With the incorporation of the selected underutilized cowpea, buncis batik, wader fish, and cows’ milk in the FMM development, the nutrients that are challenging in CFR development, can be fulfilled. Therefore, these findings present evidence that food multi-mix developed based on locally available nutrient-dense food sources can help to meet the nutrient gaps, which often remained even after a complementary feeding diet is optimized. Efficacy study using the developed CFR and FMM is recommended to assess effect in improving intake of micronutrients and amino acids and improving the linear growth of stunted, non-wasted children.
AB - Food-based approaches using locally available food escalates the feasibility and the sustainability of nutrition intervention. A complementary feeding recommendation (CFR) integrated with the food multi-mix (FMM) formulation was targeted to fulfill micronutrient and amino acid requirements for stunted non-wasted (SNW) children aged 12–23 months living in agricultural areas. A seven-day estimated food record (EFR) of 87 children was used to design the CFR and 4 identified underutilized foods were integrated as the FMM. A linear programming approach using Optifood was applied to optimize the CFR and FMM. CFR alone successfully fulfills the vitamin C, riboflavin, iron, and zinc, but it cannot fulfill calcium, thiamin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, and histidine. With the incorporation of the selected underutilized cowpea, buncis batik, wader fish, and cows’ milk in the FMM development, the nutrients that are challenging in CFR development, can be fulfilled. Therefore, these findings present evidence that food multi-mix developed based on locally available nutrient-dense food sources can help to meet the nutrient gaps, which often remained even after a complementary feeding diet is optimized. Efficacy study using the developed CFR and FMM is recommended to assess effect in improving intake of micronutrients and amino acids and improving the linear growth of stunted, non-wasted children.
KW - amino acid
KW - children
KW - complementary feeding
KW - food formulation
KW - food multi-mix
KW - linear programming
KW - stunted
KW - wasted
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85145866492&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/foods12010064
DO - 10.3390/foods12010064
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85145866492
SN - 2304-8158
VL - 12
JO - Foods
JF - Foods
IS - 1
M1 - 64
ER -