TY - JOUR
T1 - Detoxification of comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) extract using natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) and evaluation of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties
AU - Syarifah, Andiri Niza
AU - Suryadi, Herman
AU - Hayun, Hayun
AU - Simamora, Adelina
AU - Mun’im, Abdul
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported by the research grant from the Republic of Indonesia’s Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education (grant number NKB-374/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2021).
Funding Information:
The authors would like to acknowledge the support from The Indonesian Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education through World Class Research scheme, grant number NKB-374/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2021 and Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN) through the National Metabolomics Collaborative Research Center, grant number 151/PKS/WRIII-DISTP/UI/2022. Authors would like to acknowledge scientific and technical support from Advanced Characterization Laboratories Bandung, National Research and Innovation Agency ELayanan Sains.
Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2023 Syarifah, Suryadi, Hayun, Simamora and Mun’im.
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - Comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) contains rosmarinic acid which has different pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the medicinal use of comfrey is limited by the hepatotoxic effect of lycopsamine in comfrey, which overshadows the health benefits of rosmarinic acid. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have a wide range of extraction properties, that provides a new approach to the detoxification of comfrey. In the present study, betaine-based and choline chloride-based NADES were screened for selective extraction of rosmarinic acid over lycopsamine. Ultrasonication was used in conjunction with NADES extraction. The chemical profile of the NADES extracts on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatotoxic activities were investigated using some chemical reagents. Betaine-urea (1:2 molar ratio, 50% water) obtained the highest content of rosmarinic acid and a low level of lycopsamine (1.934 and 0.018 mg/g, respectively). Betaine-urea was also shown to be more effective to extract rosmarinic acid compared to methanol-UAE under the same conditions, which gave lower rosmarinic acid and higher lycopsamine levels (0.007 and 0.031 mg/g, respectively). Betaine-urea extracts showed higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as compared with other NADES extracts, however, had lower hepatotoxic profile. This study recommends the use of betaine-urea to detroxify comfrey to open wider opportunities for the development of comfrey for medicinal use.
AB - Comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) contains rosmarinic acid which has different pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the medicinal use of comfrey is limited by the hepatotoxic effect of lycopsamine in comfrey, which overshadows the health benefits of rosmarinic acid. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have a wide range of extraction properties, that provides a new approach to the detoxification of comfrey. In the present study, betaine-based and choline chloride-based NADES were screened for selective extraction of rosmarinic acid over lycopsamine. Ultrasonication was used in conjunction with NADES extraction. The chemical profile of the NADES extracts on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatotoxic activities were investigated using some chemical reagents. Betaine-urea (1:2 molar ratio, 50% water) obtained the highest content of rosmarinic acid and a low level of lycopsamine (1.934 and 0.018 mg/g, respectively). Betaine-urea was also shown to be more effective to extract rosmarinic acid compared to methanol-UAE under the same conditions, which gave lower rosmarinic acid and higher lycopsamine levels (0.007 and 0.031 mg/g, respectively). Betaine-urea extracts showed higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as compared with other NADES extracts, however, had lower hepatotoxic profile. This study recommends the use of betaine-urea to detroxify comfrey to open wider opportunities for the development of comfrey for medicinal use.
KW - bioactivities
KW - comfrey
KW - detoxification
KW - HPLC-DAD
KW - lycopsamine
KW - NADES
KW - rosmarinic acid
KW - Symphytum officinale
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85150419460&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3389/fphar.2023.1012716
DO - 10.3389/fphar.2023.1012716
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85150419460
SN - 1663-9812
VL - 14
JO - Frontiers in Pharmacology
JF - Frontiers in Pharmacology
M1 - 1012716
ER -