Determinants for periodontal disease during pregnancy among Indonesian women: A cross-sectional study using National Riskesdas 2013 data

Hormonal changes occurring in women during pregnancy can affect periodontal tissue health. Elevated estrogen and progesterone levels alter the bacterial composition, permeability of blood vessels, and general condition of periodontal tissues, making them more susceptible to periodontal disease. This study aimed to determine the relationship between periodontal disease during pregnancy and sociodemographic factors, pregnancy, oral health behavior, and other local factors among pregnant women in Indonesia. In this cross-sectional study, information from 1733 pregnant women was retrieved from Riskesdas 2013 data. Multiple logistic regression was conducted to assess the relationships between periodontal disease in pregnant women and the other variables. Statistical analysis provided the prevalence odds ratio (POR) and the respective 95% confidence interval (CI). Periodontal disease was present in 4.4% of pregnant women. Among the local factors, calculus (POR, 4.297; 95% CI, 2.047-9.023) and teeth crowding (POR, 2.126; 95% CI, 1.232-3.669) were associated with periodontal disease occurrence in pregnant women; additionally, the dental and oral health behavioral factor affecting periodontal disease occurrence during pregnancy was frequency of tooth brushing (POR, 2.543; 95% CI, 1.041-6.210). Our findings indicate the importance of maintaining cooperation between medical professionals and dentists to provide effective oral health service during antenatal care. Provision of information regarding correct tooth brushing techniques and benefits of calculus removal during pregnancy is recommended.