Cultural Aspects Influencing the Application of E-Learning: A Literature Review

This research was carried out to identify the influence of cultural aspects on the user experience in applying e-Learning in education. The approach applied in this study is limited to the e-Learning assessment system, which focuses on human-computer interactions but ignores the unique characteristic of the users. Culture is one of the influences that shapes the human pattern of thinking in response to action which results in a reaction. Therefore, investigating the users' characteristic requires a unification in terms of cultural factors and dimensions (aspects) which are the focus of the findings in this literature review. This paper has found 15 cultural dimensions with six of them that are cultural concepts adopted from Hofstede's theory, while the other nine are non-Hofstede or compiled theories. The other factor brought up by several researchers in the literature study is the socio-economic factor, but to be considered as a supporting factor (external factor) as it indirectly influences the user experience, and it's the limitation from this literature. In addition to the cultural aspects, the research was also able to construct a framework to measure the usability of e-Learning application based on the user experience.