Communal spatial adaptation in respond to urban kampung vulnerability, study case: Public toilet of Kampung Muka, North Jakarta

Urban Kampung has been part of Jakarta's development since colonial era. The existence of this type of settlement seems to be an integral part of the city development. Inequality of basic services such as clean water provision experienced by urban kampung residents is a result of exclusion from holistic city planning. Due to its informal presence urban kampung are also overshadowed and threatened by forced eviction. This also has an impact on the provision of basic services by the government that are not accessible to all urban kampung residents. Land ownership is an issue that underlies the vulnerability of urban kampung spatially and one of government's reasons to limit distribution of clean water. However, the ability of community to adapt to this vulnerability is the reason why until now urban kampung could maintain their existence in the capital city. This paper aims to investigate the driving factors of vulnerability experienced by residents of urban kampung and how these adaptations can respond to vulnerability in the spatial aspect of water availability and sanitation facilities. We use qualitative methods, which consist of mapping, public toilet observation, and unstructured interviews to explore adaptation based on the views of residents. Based on our investigation, spatial adaptation carried out communally in urban kampung creates economic activities for urban kampung residents as well as a place for interaction between them. This small-scale spatial adaptation carried out in several spots of the urban kampung became one of the driving factor of community sustainability in providing basic needs.