Carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-products potential formation and removal technologies from the water treatment process: A review

Not only at the water treatment process, disinfection is required for the inactivation of pathogen microorganisms in wastewater treatment before it is released to the waterbodies or for recycling purposes. During the disinfection process by chlorination, it found the formation of harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs). DBPs formed because of the reaction of inorganic and organic matter as precursors with chlorine/chloramine. The aim of this research is to analyze the potential formation of Carbonaceous Disinfection By-products (C-DBPs) as the most DBPs in the water and Nitrogenous Disinfection By-products (N-DBPs) as the most DBPs of the wastewater. Most DBPs have precursors from natural organic matter (NOM) and the effluent of sewage treatment contributes to increasing the DBPs precursor. The review method start with identifying DBPs precursor, potential formation of DBPs, factor affecting the formation DBPs, and finding the advanced technologies that are appropriate to remove DBPs and their precursors. It found that trihalomethanes (THMs) is the most widely found in water treatment such as chloroform, bromodichloromethane, and bromoform. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is one of N-DBPs that most presence in polluted water and also haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloacetamides (HAcAms), Nitrosoamine (NAs), cyanogen halides (CNX), halonitromethanes (HNMs), N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA). The result shows that disinfection plays a role of formation DBPs in water and wastewater treatment. DBPs have potential health risks for the human body because they are genotoxic and carcinogenic. Physicochemical treatment can remove the precursor of DBPs and advanced treatment enhances the removal of DBPs.