BMP2 concentration in gingival crevicular fluid as an osseointegration biomarker in dental implant

To date, there is no definitive guidance in determining the appropriate time to insert a restoration for dental implant; therefore, the idea that different methods may possibly give different results with regard to the success of osseointegration has emerged. The time of restoration insert should be based on the cellular activities that play a role in bone-healing, which influence both the mineralization process of the bone matrix and osteoblast activity. It is believed that some proteins that are the products of genes that play active roles in the bone regeneration process are biomarkers with regard to the readiness of bone in receiving the occlusal loading that occurs with restoration. Therefore, the analysis of biomarkers and their roles in the osseointegration process is necessary. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP2) is an enzyme secreted by osteoblastic cell, and can be found in high concentrations. The expression of this enzyme by osteoblastic cell is very important in the mineralization process of bone. Alkali phosphatase expression has been reported as an initial marker of differentiation and mineralization in the bone-healing process, and may also be a determining factor in osteoblast activity. Although BMP is a member of the transforming growth factor-ß superfamily; it plays an important role in the bone-healing process. This protein is expressed in repairing bone, has osseoinductive potentiality, and is secreted in any cell differentiation and cell development processes. Several factors play roles in the success of osseo integration, including immunologic reaction, gene expression, and cellular mechanisms that involve BMP, vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and other cellular markers.