Association of Manganese Level in Drinking Water and Other Factors with Hypertension in the Around Landfill Population in Depok, Indonesia

Background: Hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, such as stroke and heart disease. Hypertension is also a silent killer which has caused 9 million preventable deaths and 1.3 billion people have hypertension worldwide. In Indonesia, cardiovascular disease is the second leading cause of death. One of the hypertension factors still under study is excessive manganese intake. The landfill is a source of release of manganese into the environment. This study aimed to determine the relationship and risk of manganese level and other factors on hypertension in the people who live around the landfill in Cipayung, Depok.
Method: The study design was cross sectional with 107 respondents who consumed ground water as raw material for drinking water. Measurement of manganese in water used the method (SNI) 6989.5: 2009 on how to test manganese by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS).
Result: The results showed significant results on the variables of obesity (0.042, OR: 2,460) and age (0,0001, OR: 10,675) on hypertension. The level of manganese in drinking water to hypertension did not show significant results, but as a controlling variable (0.450, OR: 1.584). While other variables (blood sugar levels, smoking, ethnicity, family history, socioeconomic and gender) did not show significant results, but had an OR more than 1, which were respectively 2.05, 2.48, 3.19 (active smokers), 1.79 (passive smokers), 1.02, 1.12, 0.96 and 2.45.
Conclusion: The conclusion from this study is no relationship between manganese levels in drinking water with hypertension, but obesity and age have a significant relationship to hypertension.