Analysis of demographic factors and consumption habits on hypertension in the adult population in Indonesia: (Health Indonesian survey 2023)

Objectives: Hypertension remains one of the leading contributors to cardiovascular disease and premature mortality in Indonesia. This study aimed to examine the association between demographic characteristics and consumption-related behaviours’ with hypertension among Indonesian adults using nationally representative survey data. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from the Indonesia Health Survey (IHS) 2023. The analysis included 638,180 respondents aged 15 years and older from all provinces in Indonesia. Bivariate analysis was performed using the Chi-square test, followed by multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with hypertension. Results were presented as adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Older age was the strongest factor associated with hypertension (AOR = 4.92; 95% CI: 4.83–5.01; p < 0.001). Women were more likely to report hypertension than men (AOR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.63–1.71; p < 0.001). Regular consumption of fruits and vegetables was associated with lower odds of hypertension (AOR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.84–0.92; p < 0.001). Regional variation was also observed, with East Java reporting the highest prevalence of hypertension among the provinces included in the survey. Conclusion: Hypertension among Indonesian adults is strongly associated with age, sex, and dietary behaviours. The findings suggest that prevention strategies should prioritize population groups at higher risk while promoting healthier dietary practices through context-specific public health interventions across different regions of Indonesia.