TY - JOUR
T1 - Analysis of Acrylamide and Glycidamide in Dried Blood Spot of Smokers Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
AU - Harahap, Yahdiana
AU - Lahilla, Afaf Amma
AU - Jautan, Anastasia Sharon
AU - Hafidz, Amiral
AU - Sunarsih, Sunarsih
N1 - Funding Information:
Directorate of Research and Community Services (DRPM) Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia, for the financial support of this research.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Harahap et al.
PY - 2022
Y1 - 2022
N2 - Introduction: Acrylamide is a genotoxic substance that can be found in cigarette smoke. Acrylamide is metabolized by the CYP2E1 enzyme in the body to form glycidamides, an epoxide that is reactive to DNA and can form carcinogenic adducts. Therefore, exposure to acrylamide can potentially cause cancer. This study aims to analyze the levels of acrylamide and glycidamide in dried blood spot samples of smokers using propanamide as an internal standard and non-smokers as the control subjects. Methods: Dried blood spot samples were extracted using the protein precipitation method and then analyzed by liquid chromato-graphy-tandem mass spectrometry. Mass detection was performed using positive type electro spray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring type with m/z 72.0>55.02 for acrylamide, 88.1>45.0 for glycidamide, and 74.0>57.1 for propanamide as the internal standard. Results: Acrylamide and glycidamide levels in the dried blood spot sample of smokers ranged between 3.91 –10.25 µg/mL and 1.006–3.58 µg/mL, respectively. Data of the non-smokers on acrylamide and glycidamide levels were 0.75–3.16 µg/mL and 0–0.91 µg/mL. Discussion: The significant value of acrylamide and glycidamide between smokers and non-smokers was p < 0.05, which showed that there is a significant difference between acrylamide and glycidamide concentration in smokers and non-smoker subjects. The results of this study suggest that dried blood spots can be used to determine acrylamide and glycidamide levels in humans. Theoretically, acrylamide and glycidamide concentration should correlate to each other; however in reality, there are other factors (such as CYP2E1 polymorphism, dietary intake, etc) that can cause variation in their respective concentration.
AB - Introduction: Acrylamide is a genotoxic substance that can be found in cigarette smoke. Acrylamide is metabolized by the CYP2E1 enzyme in the body to form glycidamides, an epoxide that is reactive to DNA and can form carcinogenic adducts. Therefore, exposure to acrylamide can potentially cause cancer. This study aims to analyze the levels of acrylamide and glycidamide in dried blood spot samples of smokers using propanamide as an internal standard and non-smokers as the control subjects. Methods: Dried blood spot samples were extracted using the protein precipitation method and then analyzed by liquid chromato-graphy-tandem mass spectrometry. Mass detection was performed using positive type electro spray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring type with m/z 72.0>55.02 for acrylamide, 88.1>45.0 for glycidamide, and 74.0>57.1 for propanamide as the internal standard. Results: Acrylamide and glycidamide levels in the dried blood spot sample of smokers ranged between 3.91 –10.25 µg/mL and 1.006–3.58 µg/mL, respectively. Data of the non-smokers on acrylamide and glycidamide levels were 0.75–3.16 µg/mL and 0–0.91 µg/mL. Discussion: The significant value of acrylamide and glycidamide between smokers and non-smokers was p < 0.05, which showed that there is a significant difference between acrylamide and glycidamide concentration in smokers and non-smoker subjects. The results of this study suggest that dried blood spots can be used to determine acrylamide and glycidamide levels in humans. Theoretically, acrylamide and glycidamide concentration should correlate to each other; however in reality, there are other factors (such as CYP2E1 polymorphism, dietary intake, etc) that can cause variation in their respective concentration.
KW - Acrylamide
KW - Dried blood spot
KW - Glycidamide
KW - LC-MS/MS
KW - Smoker
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85125786573&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.2147/DDDT.S346892
DO - 10.2147/DDDT.S346892
M3 - Article
C2 - 35250264
AN - SCOPUS:85125786573
SN - 1177-8881
VL - 16
SP - 521
EP - 531
JO - Drug Design, Development and Therapy
JF - Drug Design, Development and Therapy
ER -