TY - JOUR
T1 - A longitudinal study of multiple water source use in Bekasi, Indonesia
T2 - implications for monitoring safely-managed services
AU - Priadi, Cindy R.
AU - Putri, Gita L.
AU - Jannah, Qanza N.
AU - Maryati, Sri
AU - Afriana, Anita
AU - Pratama, Mochamad Adhiraga
AU - Foster, Tim
AU - Willetts, Juliet
N1 - Funding Information:
This was supported by Australia’s Department for Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) through the Water for Women Fund under Grant WRA 1004 and by Universitas Indonesia, Bandung Institute of Technology, and Universitas Padjajaran through the Indonesian Collaborative Research Program (PPKI) under grant NKB-452/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2021. Funding agencies did not play a role in the methodology of, research and analysis nor the article publication. We thank Aprilia Harera, Siti Maysarah, and Franziska Genter for supporting the data analysis, all enumerators for their hard work and perseverance in the data collection process, and ENAGO (www.enago.com) for the English language review.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors.
PY - 2022/11/1
Y1 - 2022/11/1
N2 - Limited piped water services in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) are likely to increase the use of multiple water sources, impacting access to safely managed water. The aim of this study was to analyze monthly variations of households’ water source preferences in three subdistricts in Bekasi, adjacent to the capital city of Indonesia, through a monthly telephone survey of 87 households during 12 months. Households with 1, 2, and 3–4 drinking water sources formed 70, 27, and 3% of the 755 total responses, respectively. Of the 53 households that completed at least 11 of the 12 monthly surveys, around 32% of households resorted to other water sources as a complement for drinking water and other domestic purposes. Households switched from borehole water to bottled water for their primary drinking water in the wet season but still used borehole water as their complementary source. Unimproved source use as primary drinking water also increased during the wet season from 6 to 8%. Monitoring and risk assessment of water sources need to consider the use of multiple water sources while balancing out the limited resources to protect the population, especially the vulnerable, from unacceptable health risks.
AB - Limited piped water services in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) are likely to increase the use of multiple water sources, impacting access to safely managed water. The aim of this study was to analyze monthly variations of households’ water source preferences in three subdistricts in Bekasi, adjacent to the capital city of Indonesia, through a monthly telephone survey of 87 households during 12 months. Households with 1, 2, and 3–4 drinking water sources formed 70, 27, and 3% of the 755 total responses, respectively. Of the 53 households that completed at least 11 of the 12 monthly surveys, around 32% of households resorted to other water sources as a complement for drinking water and other domestic purposes. Households switched from borehole water to bottled water for their primary drinking water in the wet season but still used borehole water as their complementary source. Unimproved source use as primary drinking water also increased during the wet season from 6 to 8%. Monitoring and risk assessment of water sources need to consider the use of multiple water sources while balancing out the limited resources to protect the population, especially the vulnerable, from unacceptable health risks.
KW - drinking water
KW - groundwater
KW - low-middle-income country
KW - multiple water source use (MWSU)
KW - seasonality
KW - temporal variation
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85143541011&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.2166/washdev.2022.049
DO - 10.2166/washdev.2022.049
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85143541011
SN - 2043-9083
VL - 12
SP - 770
EP - 781
JO - Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development
JF - Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development
IS - 11
ER -
