A Diabetes-Specific Questionnaires Validated in Indonesia: A Systematic Review

Diabetes is a global problem, and its incidence is increasing yearly. Diabetes-specific instruments are well received by patients for evaluating specific aspects of diabetic disease and are believed to be among the best methods for this evaluation. To identify and compare all validated diabetes-specific questionnaires. Researchers performed searches on three different electronic databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Studies covering cross-cultural adaptation and validation methodologies in Indonesia with type 1 and type 2 diabetes involving patients of all ages were included. After reviewing the full texts, data related to psychometric characteristics were extracted from each included study. Reliability was rated using Cronbach’s alpha. The initial search identified 1,576 studies. After exclusion criteria were applied, 45 studies were included for review. The questionnaires were grouped into 12 domains based on the study focus: adherence (n = 15), quality of life (n = 9), diabetes knowledge (n = 6), self-efficacy (n = 9), attitude toward diabetes (n = 2), emotional stress (n = 8), expectations (n = 1), perception of disease severity (n = 1), risk of developing diabetes (n = 1), family support (n = 3), diet (n = 1), and religiosity (n = 1). This study identified and reviewed all diabetes-specific questionnaires that have been validated for use in Indonesia to assist researchers in selecting the most appropriate instrument for each domain of interest in future research and clinical settings.