A Conceptual Model of CO2 Emission Reduction Using Carbon Capture Storage in West Java

By 2019, total Indonesia's greenhouse gas emission (GHG) amounted to 674 MtCO2e, with the energy sector as the largest contributor. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is a promising alternative to reduce CO2 emission by capturing and storing the CO2 underground. However, the carbon market has undergone insignificant development as the CCS development level remains low. Acceleration of CCS development through better policies and regulation is critical to help achieving Indonesia's target to reduce GHG emission by 29% in 2030. Enhancing CCS development becomes one of the government goals. However, this goal is still arduous to achieve due to the complexity that arises in CCS development. CCS development is a complex system; uncovering such complexity could provide insights into factors that play significant roles and shed light on the possible policy options for better CCS development. Nevertheless, it is still less studied holistically from a systems perspective. This paper aims to analyze CCS development's complexity by developing a conceptual system dynamics model of CCS development in West Java as a case study. The conceptual model developed in this study has captured essential aspects of CCS development and identified three possible policy interventions to enhance the CCS development in terms of incentive, local site regulation, and environmental regulation.